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This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a deity based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets. They have been selected for their influence on Deism, or for their fame in other areas. * Alfred M. Mayer (1836–1897), American physicist. * Al-Maʿarri (973–1058), was a blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer, and a controversial rationalist.〔(Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World ) by Fred Whitehead; also quoted in Cyril Glasse, (2001), ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 278. Rowman Altamira.〕 * Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC), Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. * Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident, and human rights activist.〔Sakharov believed that a non-scientific "guiding principle" governed the universe and human life. Drell, Sidney D., and Sergei P. Kapitsa (eds.), Sakharov Remembered, pp. 3, 92. New York: Springer, 1991.〕 * Antony Flew (1923–2010), British philosopher and prominent former atheist〔(Atheist Becomes Theist ) – Biola News and communications〕 * Alexander Pope (1688–1744), English poet during the eighteenth century * Adam Smith (1723–90), Scottish Philosopher and economist; considered the father of modern economics〔The Times obituary of Adam Smith〕 * Ahmad Kasravi (1890–1946), Iranian linguist, historian and reformer.〔V. Minorsky. ''Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan'' (Mongolica, 4), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 58–81 (1957), p. 66. (JSTOR )〕 * Benjamin Franklin (1706–90), American polymath; one of the Founding Fathers of the United States〔(The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ) from earlyamerica.com〕 * Brett Gurewitz (1962–), guitarist and songwriter for the American punk rock band Bad Religion * Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics. * Charles Lyell (1797–1875), British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of ''Principles of Geology'', which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism. * Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism. * Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746), Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. The Maclaurin series, a special case of the Taylor series, are named after him. * Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. * Ethan Allen (1738–89), early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader * Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648), British soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher * Elihu Palmer (1764–1806), American author and advocate of deism〔(Elihu Palmer – First Presbyterian Church of Newtown )〕 * Émilie du Châtelet (1706–49), French mathematician, physicist, and author during the Age of Enlightenment. Her crowning achievement is considered to be her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica. * Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), New Zealand chemist and "father" of nuclear physics, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances". * Frederick the Great (1712–86), Prussian King from the Hohenzollern dynasty〔(Frederick the Great – Hyperhistory.net )〕 * Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. * Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), German mathematician and philosopher. He is best known for developing infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and his mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published.〔"In a commentary on Shaftesbury published in 1720, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a Rationalist philosopher and mathematician, accepted the Deist conception of God as an intelligent Creator but refused the contention that a god who metes out punishments is evil." Andreas Sofroniou, ''Moral Philosophy, from Hippocrates to the 21st Aeon'', page 197.〕〔"Consistent with the liberal views of the Enlightenment, Leibniz was an optimist with respect to human reasoning and scientific progress (Popper 1963, p.69). Although he was a great reader and admirer of Spinoza, Leibniz, being a confirmed deist, rejected emphatically Spinoza's pantheism: God and nature, for Leibniz, were not simply two different "labels" for the same "thing". Shelby D. Hunt, ''Controversy in marketing theory: for reason, realism, truth, and objectivity'' (2003), page 33.〕 * Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist, and art critic〔http://www.bartleby.com/65/le/LessingG.html〕 * George Washington (1732–1799), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the 1st President of the United States〔 * Harish-Chandra (1923–83), Indian mathematician, who did fundamental work in representation theory, especially Harmonic analysis on semisimple Lie groups. * Harmony Korine (1973–), American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author. * Henrik Wergeland (1808–45), Norwegian poet and theologist (by self-definition). * Hermann Weyl (1885–1955), German mathematician and theoretical physicist. * Humphry Davy (1778–1829), British chemist and inventor. * James Heckman (1944–), American economist who shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 for his pioneering work in econometrics and microeconomics. * James Hutton (1726–1797), Scottish physician, geologist, naturalist, chemical manufacturer and experimental agriculturalist. His work helped to establish the basis of modern geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism. * James Madison (1751–1836), "Father of the United States Constitution", one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, and the 4th President of the United States * James Watt (1736–1819), Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. * Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist, academic, and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. * Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–83), French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie.〔"The dividing line between Deism and atheism among the Philosophes was often rather blurred, as is evidenced by Le Rêve de d'Alembert (written 1769; "The Dream of d'Alembert"), which describes a discussion between the two "fathers" of the Encyclopédie: the Deist Jean Le Rond d'Alembert and the atheist Diderot." Andreas Sofroniou, ''Moral Philosophy, from Hippocrates to the 21st Aeon'', page 197.〕 * John Muir (1838–1914), Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nndb.com/people/473/000108149/ )〕 * John Toland (1670–1722), Irish philosopher, coined the term "pantheism" * John Locke (1632–1704), influential English philosopher in the field of empiricism * José Rizal (1861–96), a Filipino patriot, philosopher, medical doctor, poet, journalist, novelist, political scientist, painter and polyglot. Considered to be one of the Philippines' most important heroes and martyrs whose writings and execution contributed to the igniting of the Philippine Revolution. He is also considered as Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of freedom. * Jules Verne (1828–1905), French author who pioneered the science fiction genre in Europe. He is best known for his novels ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'', ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', and ''Around the World in Eighty Days''. * Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. * Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics. * Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988), American experimental physicist and inventor, who spent nearly all of his long professional career on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968, and took out over 40 patents, some of which led to commercial products. * Lysander Spooner (1808–87), American anarchist, philosopher and abolitionist * Mark Twain (1835–1910), American author and humorist〔 * Martin Gardner (1914–2010), American popular mathematics and science writer specializing in recreational mathematics, but with interests encompassing micromagic, stage magic, literature (especially the writings of Lewis Carroll and G. K. Chesterton), philosophy, scientific skepticism, and religion.〔Carpenter, Alexander (2008), ("Martin Gardner on Philosophical Theism, Adventists and Price" Interview, 17 October 2008 ), ''Spectrum''.〕 * Matthew Tindal (1657–1733), controversial English author whose works were influential on Enlightenment thinking * Max Born (1882–1970), German-British physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe). * Max Planck (1858–1947), German physicist, regarded as the founder of quantum theory. * Maximilien Robespierre (1758–94), French revolutionary and lawyer * Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–65), Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere of Venus. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language. * Moses Mendelssohn (1729–96), German philosopher influential in the Jewish Haskalah * Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), French military and political leader * Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), American NASA astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, United States Naval Aviator, and the first person to set foot upon the Moon. * Nick Cave (1957–), Australian musician, songwriter, poet, author and actor. * Paul Davies (1946–), British physicist and science writer and broadcaster * Robert Hooke (1635–1703), English natural philosopher, architect and polymath. * Simon Newcomb (1835–1909), Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician. * Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), American inventor and businessman.〔In a correspondence on the matter Edison said: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made." New York Times. 2 October 1910, Sunday.〕 * Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), author of the Jefferson Bible, an American Founding Father, the principal author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States.〔Michael Corbett and Julia Mitchell Corbett, ''Politics and religion in the United States'' (1999) p. 68〕 * Thomas Paine (1737–1809), English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States * Victor Hugo (1802–85), French writer, artist, activist and statesman * Voltaire (1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer and philosopher〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Union of Deists )〕 * Walter Kohn (1923–), Austrian-born American theoretical physicist. He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. * Wernher von Braun (1912–77), German-American rocket scientist, aerospace engineer, space architect, and one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology. * William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. * William Hogarth (1697–1764), English painter, visual artist and pioneering cartoonist * Wolfgang Pauli (1900–58), Austrian theoretical physicist. In 1945, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He is best known for his work on Pauli principle and spin theory. ==See also== *List of people by belief 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of deists」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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